To start off, I would recommend taking these precautions to cover your bases when unpredictable events take place on your wonderful voyage abroad.
1. Get travel medical insurance. Shop around http://www.squaremouth.com/ for comparisons on travel insurance plans and don't forget to check with your credit card company on what they offer. I decided to skimp on extras and just go for the essential emergency medical coverage, medical evacuation, and 24 hour assistance line. I don't care much for insuring my baggage of toiletries, underwear, and extra clothing. Bring absolute necessities in a carry-on bag and don't let it leave your sight.
2. See your doctor or visit a travel clinic for appropriate consultation and vaccinations. This is especially important if you will be in rural areas of developing countries or spending a ton of time outdoors.
3. Register with the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program. Register your contact information and trip plans so that your government/embassy can assist you in the event of an emergency.
4. Make photocopies of your passport and store it separately from your essential documents. Make a memo of emergency contacts, bank customer service numbers, etc.